利用SPAMS初探盘锦市冬季PM2.5污染特征及来源

利用SPAMS 0515于2015年1月在盘锦市兴隆台空气质量自动监测点位采集PM_(2.5)样品,并分析其污染特征和来源。研究结果表明,盘锦市冬季PM_(2.5)的颗粒类型主要以OC颗粒、富钾颗粒、EC颗粒组成。其中,OC颗粒占比最高,为52.5%;PM_(2.5)污染的主要贡献源为燃煤、生物质燃烧、机动车尾气排放,占比分别为33.2%、25.7%、17.5%,特别是在PM_(2.5)质量浓度较高时段,燃煤和机动车尾气排放对污染的贡献较大。     

Trait space of rare plants in a fire‐dependent ecosystem

The causes of species rarity are of critical concern because of the high extinction risk associated with rarity. Studies examining individual rare species have limited generality, whereas trait‐based approaches offer a means to identify functional causes of rarity that can be applied to communities with disparate species pools. Differences in functional traits between rare and common species may be indicative of the functional causes of species rarity and may therefore be useful in crafting species conservation strategies. However, there is a conspicuous lack of studies comparing the functional traits of rare species and co‐occurring common species. We measured 18 important functional traits for 19 rare and 134 common understory plant species from North Carolina's Sandhills region and compared their trait distributions to determine whether there are significant functional differences that may explain species rarity. Flowering, fire, and tissue‐chemistry traits differed significantly between rare and common, co‐occurring species. Differences in specific traits suggest that fire suppression has driven rarity in this system and that changes to the timing and severity of prescribed fire may improve conservation success. Our method provides a useful tool to prioritize conservation efforts in other systems based on the likelihood that rare species are functionally capable of persisting.     

柴油机微粒中可溶性有机成分的真空干燥条件

柴油机碳烟颗粒(PM)中可溶性有机组分(SOF)含量是其重要的特性参数,而真空干燥法可方便、高效、可靠地分析颗粒SOF含量,对其干燥条件的探索具有重要的研究意义和应用价值。首先采用模拟的柴油机颗粒,分析不同的干燥条件对模拟SOF(柴油、润滑油)挥发率的影响规律,得出模拟的SOF分析的最佳干燥条件;在此基础上,探索了真实柴油机颗粒SOF分析的最佳干燥条件为:干燥温度220℃、干燥时间3 h、真空度98 kPa,得知SOF组分干燥的难易程度介于柴油和润滑油之间;同时,根据此干燥条件,分析了排气管末端采集的真实碳烟颗粒的SOF含量特性。     

“十三五”期间中国生态环境质量变化特征

以国家生态环境监测网监测结果为基础,总结归纳了"十三五"时期中国生态环境质量变化特征和主要环境问题。结果表明:"十三五"期间,全国生态环境质量全面好转,2020年环境空气优良天数比例比"十二五"末期上升5.8个百分点;地表水总体水质由轻度污染转为良好,Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水质断面比例上升17.4个百分点,劣V类断面比例下降9.0个百分点;酸雨污染程度减轻,海洋等环境要素质量稳中向好。但与此同时,后续改善难度加大,全国仍有40%地级及以上城市空气质量超标,4.8%的国土面积发生酸雨,辽河和海河流域仍是轻度污染,部分河流污染较重,地下水以IV类水质为主,农村饮用水源地和地表水水质均受到不同程度污染,近三分之一国土面积县域生态质量为较差和差。总体来看,当前生态环境质量与人民对美好生态环境的需求和美丽中国目标的实现还有较大差距。逐年上升的能源消费总量和不断增长的汽车保有量,增加了生态环境质量继续改善的压力。     

Fire as a Soil-Forming Factor

In the span of a human generation, fire can, in theory, impact all the land covered by vegetation. Its occurrence has many important direct and indirect effects on soil, some of which are long-lasting or even permanent. As a consequence, fire must be considered a soil-forming factor, on par with the others traditionally recognized, namely: parent material, topography, time, climate, living beings not endowed with the power of reason, and humans.     

燃煤电厂在线监测系统颗粒物浓度排放系数影响因素的探讨

选取上海市7家未安装气-气换热器的国控燃煤电厂作为研究对象，从煤质、除尘器、脱硫协同脱除作用以及锅炉工况负荷等方面探讨对颗粒物浓度排放系数 K值产生的影响，得出上述因素通过改变脱硫进口颗粒物浓度值影响 K值，当脱硫进口颗粒物浓度较低、波动范围较小时，其 K值也维持相对稳定的状态；当脱硫进口颗粒物浓度较高、波动范围较大时，其 K值也会发生较大的变化等结论。     

全国大气背景地区黑碳浓度特征

分析了2015年14个背景站黑碳浓度水平及分布规律,结果表明:我国背景地区黑碳小时浓度均值呈现明显的对数正态分布特征,14个背景站880 nm波长时年均质量浓度为88.7~1 487.6 ng/m~3,小时最大峰值为685.0~13 731.0 ng/m~3,长岛和衡山相对较高;24 h日浓度变化基本呈现"单峰"状,但峰值出现时刻有所不同;工作日和周末的浓度变化趋势基本相似,但浓度高低与所在区域生产生活方式不同而有所差异。初步探讨了风速和风向与浓度污染水平的关系,相对风速而言,风向对黑碳的浓度影响较大,后向轨迹结果也印证了风向的影响。     

Environmental forensic investigation of the air pollution from a cement manufacturing unit

Abstract

Cement manufacturing is a process that results in the emission of significant quantities of suspended particulate matter (SPM) to the ambient air. An environmental forensic investigation was carried out in the surroundings of a major cement manufacturing unit at a place called Coimbatore in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The investigation was carried out to identify the contribution of the cement manufacturing unit to the SPM concentration of the surrounding air environment. The sampling points’ selection and sample collection were done following the principles outlined in the INTERPOL Manual for Pollution Crime Forensic Investigation. On-site monitoring of the air samples was carried out using Mini Laser Aerosol Spectrometer (GRIMM, Mini-LAS Model 11R). The instrument was capable of measuring particles ranging from 0.25 to 32 µm and classifying them into 31 size channels. The test results at majority of the monitoring locations were well above the limits specified in the National Ambient Air Quality Standards of India. Microscopic studies of the dust samples were carried out for surface texture and particle shape. The spatial distribution of particles was analysed using geographic information system (GIS) for the visual identification of the extent of the pollution by keeping the cement factory as the focal point. The results from the GIS and microscopic analysis established the role of the cement factory in the particulate matter pollution of its surroundings, specifically in the areas North-West of the factory. The successfully adopted procedure can serve as a guideline for the environmental forensic investigation of similar pollution incidences.     

杭州城区环境空气中二口恶英浓度状况研究

依据2009年7月至2012年2月连续3年对杭州城区环境空气中二英（PCDD/Fs）采样分析结果得知，杭州城区环境空气中二英毒性当量质量浓度变化范围为0.13～0.55 pg TEQ/m³，均值为0.34 pg TEQ/m³。城区环境空气中二英浓度季节变化不显著，夏季略低于冬季；城区范围内不同功能区之间二英浓度差别不显著；连续3年监测结果未显现二英年度变化趋势。沙尘暴天气环境空气中二英浓度显著增高，日常天气和烟花爆竹集中燃放天气环境空气中二英形态分布存在明显区别，烟花爆竹集中燃放期间八氯代二苯并-对-二英（OCDD）占总质量浓度比例显著提高。利用IBM SPSS Statistics 19.0统计软件对24个监测结果聚类分析发现，杭州城区环境空气中二英的同类物分布具有明显的“源”分布特征。     

Isotopic composition (C & N) of the suspended particles and N uptake by phytoplankton in a shallow tropical coastal lagoon

The spatial distribution of the C/N ratios and variations in δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N of suspended particulate matter were used to characterise their source in Asia’s largest brackish water lagoon, Chilika, India. In addition, the significance of re-mineralised nutrients in the primary productivity of the shallow lagoon was also determined through quantification of the subsurface nitrogen uptake conditions at two relatively stable locations in the lagoon. The results indicated that the influence of terrestrial organic matter was the maximum in the northern sector and was relatively limited at the central and southern part of the lagoon. In situ ¹⁵N uptake experiments (daytime) under biogeochemically stable conditions revealed that the N uptake by phytoplankton ranged between 0.24 and 1.01?mM?m^?3?h^?1 during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. New production and regenerated production in the shallow lagoon was also estimated by calculating f-ratios (ratio of nitrate assimilation by phytoplankton to total nitrogenous nutrient assimilation, have been estimated), which varied from 0.52 in the post-monsoon to 0.38 in the pre-monsoon. Lowering of the f-ratio from post- to pre-monsoon indicated a dominance of mineralisation over the new production.